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Showing posts from March, 2017

Interpreting the output of lspci

On Linux, the lspci command lists all PCI devices connected to a host (a computer). Modern computers and PCI devices communicate with each other via PCI Express buses instead of the older Conventional PCI and PCI-X buses since the former buses offer many advantages such as higher throughput rates, smaller physical footprint and native hot plugging functionality. The high performance of the PCI Express bus has also led it to take over the role of other buses such as AGP ; it is also expected that SATA buses too will be replaced by PCI Express buses in the future as solid-state drives become faster and therefore demand higher throughputs from the bus they are attached to (see this article for more on this topic). As a first step, open a terminal and run lspci without any flags (note: lspci may show more information if executed with root privileges): lspci   This is the output I get on my laptop: 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Co

SAN HBA Commands - Unix & Windows

  ================================================================================ How to load/view HBA and associated SAN software. ================================================================================ DISCLAIMER: Some products (HBAs, software, OS) may not be covered. Accuracy of document is not guaranteed. Please use as a guide and tailor to your site and needs. ================================================================================ TOC: ================================================================================ AIX AIX list HBA install HBA configure HBA install multipath s/w (if applicable) HP-UX HP-UX list HBA install HBA configure HBA install multipath s/w (if applicable) Solaris Solaris list HBA install HBA configure HBA install multipath s/w (if applicable) Linux Linux list HBA install HBA configure HBA install multipath s/w (if ap

Understanding the Load Average on Linux and Other Unix-like Systems

Linux, Mac, and other Unix-like systems display “load average” numbers. These numbers tell you how busy your system’s CPU, disk, and other resources are. They’re not self-explanatory at first, but it’s easy to become familiar with them. Whether you’re using a Linux desktop or server, a Linux-based router firmware, a NAS system based on Linux or BSD, or even Mac OS X, you’ve probably seen a “load average” measurement somewhere. Load vs. Load Average RELATED ARTICLE What Is Unix, and Why Does It Matter? On Unix-like systems , including Linux, the system load is a measurement of the computational work the system is performing. This measurement is displayed as a number. A completely idle computer has a load average of 0. Each running process either using or waiting for CPU resources adds 1 to the load average. So, if your system has a load of 5, five processes are either using or waiting for the CPU. Unix systems traditionally just counted processes waiting