Skip to main content

Posts

Inside the Linux boot process

Inside the Linux boot process Take a guided tour from the Master Boot Record to the first user-space application In the early days, bootstrapping a computer meant feeding a paper tape containing a boot program or manually loading a boot program using the front panel address/data/control switches. Today's computers are equipped with facilities to simplify the boot process, but that doesn't necessarily make it simple. Let's start with a high-level view of Linux boot so you can see the entire landscape. Then we'll review what's going on at each of the individual steps. Source references along the way will help you navigate the kernel tree and dig in further. Overview Figure 1 gives you the 20,000-foot view. Figure 1. The 20,000-foot view of the Linux boot process When a system is first booted, or is reset, the ...

Interpreting the output of lspci

On Linux, the lspci command lists all PCI devices connected to a host (a computer). Modern computers and PCI devices communicate with each other via PCI Express buses instead of the older Conventional PCI and PCI-X buses since the former buses offer many advantages such as higher throughput rates, smaller physical footprint and native hot plugging functionality. The high performance of the PCI Express bus has also led it to take over the role of other buses such as AGP ; it is also expected that SATA buses too will be replaced by PCI Express buses in the future as solid-state drives become faster and therefore demand higher throughputs from the bus they are attached to (see this article for more on this topic). As a first step, open a terminal and run lspci without any flags (note: lspci may show more information if executed with root privileges): lspci   This is the output I get on my laptop: 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRA...

SAN HBA Commands - Unix & Windows

  ================================================================================ How to load/view HBA and associated SAN software. ================================================================================ DISCLAIMER: Some products (HBAs, software, OS) may not be covered. Accuracy of document is not guaranteed. Please use as a guide and tailor to your site and needs. ================================================================================ TOC: ================================================================================ AIX AIX list HBA install HBA configure HBA install multipath s/w (if applicable) HP-UX HP-UX list HBA install HBA configure HBA install multipath s/w (if applicable) Solaris Solaris list HBA install HBA configure HBA install multipath s/w (if applicable) Linux Linux list HBA install HBA configure HBA install multipath s/w (i...